adl is the easiest antenna which can be made with the strengthening of about 3-4 dBi depending on tuning and value2 ada.antenna element which is made dr copper wire (copper) or brass (brass) and has the elevation angle reflector 30 * and has the direction of emission in all directions "omnidirectional" kira2 picture like this ... Part List An N-type female connectors with four holes around, it is recommended to have Teflon insulation between the outer and inner connectors. -20 Cm of copper or brass rod-shaped with a diameter of 2mm Construction 1.dengan wire cutting pliers in use into 5 parts masing2 4 cm in length. 2.dgn miserly medium (surface miser) flatten into 4 parts which they will be hollow pd N connector so that we facilitate soldering the reflector 3.dengan solder high power (high-heat 80 watts minimum) solder wire rod into four who want to using that in the 4th side of the connector page, hati2! market is relatively high heat can melt the Teflon insulation existing between the midpoint of the connector. (white part and milk) 4.tekuk 0.5 cm pd end of the wire (4 fruit bent) with an angle of 90 degrees, hati2 with the construction of this complex's handful after installed on all four sides of the N connector, mk you can solder the "hot wire" which serves as a virtual antenna with hati2 and certainly not neat ..? jg then trim the lower end of which is on the N connector then with a technique of "donkey bridge" we picture angle 30 degrees and the outboard wall pd to measure the accuracy of the antenna angle that we make ... then cut with precise radial 3:05 cm (reflector = yg pd affixed to the four corners of the connector N) and the central wire (which soldered onto the middle connector) is necessary kehati2an and high accuracy because we will work very high pd freq reply! mk the higher the freq, the more critical will also value2 imaginable pd antenna manufacture tsb ... TIPS: This production is allocated pd channel 6 (2:44 GHz) or the exact midpoint pd pd freq existing channels (13 channels). The best advice adl do not cut past the center along the 3.0 cm, tp let along what it is and subtract each measuring 0.1 cm and magnitude signal with a kind of curse Netstumbler.ini software called "tuning and matching" which stands for the desired jd let fixed with AP or channel you tuju.anda wlan-be able to see the tuning by cutting it a success if the amount of signal will enlarge pd yg desired cutoff. shorter length of wire the higher the channel iner reply can be accessed (in terms of optimum receive and transmit signals) and the lower channel in use is also getting longer ... iner wire. omni calculation I. Omni Directional Antenna a. Rubber Ducky Antenna Many found diperalatan 802.11 2.4GHz wireless network, such as access points and wireless routers. The addition of the average gain for this antenna about 2-2.2dbi (www.martybugs.net) One way to add the power of the power of the omni directional wireless antenna / rubber ducky antenna is to add a kind of right behind the antenna dish, so the antenna that had been spread widely to be directed into one specific area. Gain gained about 10 to 12 dB. b. 360 Degree Omni Gain obtained is 5-6 dbi. 2. Directional Antenna a. Directional Yagi Gain obtained + - 15 dbi. b. Directional Sector Widely used in telecommunication towers. The width of the spread around 90-180 degrees. This antenna is best used for mengjangkau 360 degree area, but no one wishes it all leads to the antenna. c. Directional Patch Gain is obtained about 18dbi. The spread is narrower range than the Yagi antenna. Easily concealed d. Directional Parabolic Can reach remote areas. Can reach 16 km with a gain of 22 dbi (www.seattlewireless.com). e. Directional Dish 16-24 dbi gain obtained. used in my office. By using the 11Mbps 802.11b standard, Directional Dish antenna 18dbi, PoE bridge distances below 500 meters and LoS. Speed range from 2-3 Mbps obtained could be a reference for my friends as well. Antennas on a standard antenna that is often used by many people, it is possible there are many types of existing antenna with a merger or modification of the antenna above forms. Understanding dbi, distance range, and broad coverage can be searched on google, because I still understand it. (For those who want to share my knowledge to be: p). The images obtained from the website above www.seattlewireless.net and www.martybugs.net all existing copyrights in their hands. 6 Responses to "The types of wireless antennas need to know! (Part 1) " 1. Thanks for the information .... Sir, the information. Mulyadi said this on August 27th, 2007 at 7:45 pm 2. yup. pp ngak all for my job, this article will also be continued again kok nalpha said this on August 28th, 2007 at 2:20 pm 3. I add the little ya mar: In a wireless system, the antenna is used to convert electrical waves into electromagnetic waves. Big energy to enlarge the antenna to receive and send signals, referred to as Antenna Gain measured in: dBi: relative to isotropic radiator dBd: relative to the dipole radiator where 0 dBd = 2.15 dBi Radiated Power Arrangements made by the FCC must meet the requirements of the power that comes out of the antenna. Power is measured by two ways: 1.Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) measured in dBm = power at antenna input [dBm] + relative antenna gain [dBi] 2.Effective Radiated Power (ERP) measured in dBm = power at antenna input [dBm] + relative antenna gain [dBd] POWER LOSS In wireless systems, there are many factors that cause loss of signal strength, such as cables, connectors, lightning and others which would cause a decline in the performance of a radio when mounted carelessly On his radio low power such as 802.11b, every dB is very significant, and it must be remembered "3 dB Rule". Any increase or loss of 3 dB, we would get twice the power or lose half. -3 DB = half power -6 DB = 1 / 4 power +3 DB = 2x power +6 DB = 4x power Sources that cause loss of power in the wireless system: free space, cables, connectors, jumpers, things that are not visible. 3dB rule can be applied practically with the help of antenna Access Point with 802.11b standard has a strengthening of 13dB for a distance of 300 meters, then if we use the antenna 15dB (28dB total), the formula becomes: 13 + 3 dB - distance to 600 meters 16 + 3 dB - distance to 1.2 KM 19 + 3 dB - distance to 2.4 KM 21 + 3 dB - distance to 4.8 KM 24 + 3 dB - distance is a 9.6 KM 1dB considered loss .... STRENGTH OF SIGNAL: Signal Propagation The signal leaving the antenna, it will propagate and disappear in the air. Selection of the antenna will determine how the type of propagation that would occur. At 2.4 GHz is very important if we put both devices on a path free of obstructions. If the signal propagation is interrupted, then the decrease in signal quality will occur and disrupt communications. Trees, buildings, water tanks, and the tower is a device that often interfere with signal propagation Loss of the greatest power in the wireless system is the Free Space Propagation Loss. Free Space Loss is calculated using the formula: FSL (dB) = 32.45 + 20 log 10 F (MHz) + 20 log10 D (km) So Free Space Loss at a distance of 1 km which uses the 2.4 GHz frequency: FSL (dB) = 32.45 + 20 log 10 (2400) + 20 log10 (1) = 32.45 + 67.6 + 0 = 100.05 dB ON ANTENNA: Antenna Radiation Pattern General Parameters: main lobe (boresight) half-power beamwidth (HPBW) front-back ratio (F / B) pattern nulls Typically, measured in two circumstances: Vector electric field which refers to the E-field Vector magnetic field which refers to the H-field Polarization Antenna polarization relative to the E-field from the antenna. If the E-field on it horizontally, then the antenna horizontally Polarized. If the E-field is vertical, then the antenna Vertically Polarized. Any selected polarization, the antenna on an RF network must have the same polarization Polarization can be used to: - Increasing isolation from unwanted signals (Cross Polarization Discrimination (x-pol) is usually about 25 dB) - Reduce interference - Helps determine one particular service area IMPEDENSI ANTENNA Impedance matching will generate maximum power transfer. The antenna also functions as a matching transmitter load (50 Ohms) Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is a unit that showed up to where the antenna match (match) with a transmission line it sends. RETURN LOSS Return Loss related to VSWR, which measures the power of the signal reflected by the antenna with the power delivered to the antenna. The greater its value (in units of dB), the better. Figures 13.9dB with VSWR 1.5:1. Return Loss 20 dB is pretty good value, and equivalent to VSWR of 1.2:1 Calculation To Make Your Own Antenna The formula used by Jason Hecker (jason@air.net.au) a lot was taken from Chapter 19 of the ARRL Antenna Handbook (http://www.arrl.org) where we will see enough many examples of helical antenna design, including ways to measure performance. Helical antenna formula taken from the ARRL Antenna Handbook 19-23 page are listed in below. C circumference of winding S axial length of one turn G = 0.8 to 1.1 diameter of ground plane / reflector C circumference is pi times the diameter The diameter of the coil is usually fixed, with pralon pipe diameter 40 mm, the winding was 42 mm. If the frequency that we use is (2.425GHz) so long wave = 0.123711 meters. C = 0.13195m = 1066 If we are measuring, it turns S 30 C out of range. But apparently not a fatal problem. ________________________________________ Page 21 S Diameter ground plane G = 1:05 = 0.130m Gain of the antenna in dBi is defined as: Gain = 8.11 + 10log10 (C * N * S where n is the number of coils. Gain = 8.11 + 10log10 (1,066 * 1,066 * 13 * 0.31830) = 18.5dBi In the table below clearly visible that gain antenna will increase with add the number of loops. Approximately increase 3dB will be obtained by downloading double the number of windings. Approximately 13 windings fit for pipe length 0:55 m & a good compromise between the length vs. gain. At 801.11 a lot of cards in the market generally we can set the frequency used as many as 11 channels (FCC U.S.). Therefore you may wish to change C to the frequency in which we work. Another thing to consider is the width of the antenna beam. Beam width usually be calculated using the power at 50% (3 dB) lower than power at the center. The formula / calculation is: Half Power Beam Width = 52 / (C = 52 / (1066 * sqrt (13 * 0.31830)) = 23.98 degrees This article is an article on this one I took from new sources, although its contents remain the same but I hope that this second article can enlighten you-you who are hungry for knowledge GBU Antenna (first meeting) Written by TPOTC Surabaya Monday, 06 February 2006 Bit of news from the meeting yesterday (Electrical Engineering Building) is actually still many shortcomings. Both in terms of tools that borrow here and there and other supporting hardware limitation causes the observations less than the maximum. But that did not dampen the spirit of peer to peer learning in Surabaya. Here are the specifications tool that we use: 1. Linksys WRT54 2. PCMCIA Orinoco 3. PROGRESS milk cans (diameter 12.7 cm) with a length of 17 cm. 4. Pigtail cable 5. Copper cable 2.5 mm 6. N Female 7. UPS 8. PC 9. Netstumbler The intended target grandiose grandiose origin can not link it enough. The problem is nobody willing to test the laptop idle away hiks sad ... .... Canned intentionally not cut in pure 17 cm. So sorry if results are less than the maximum. Observations by comparing the SNR (Signal To Noise Ratio) between omni antenna and antenna cans. If on the Linksys mounted omni antenna signals tend to be unstable, while using the antenna cans tend to be more stable. Once more sorry pole and binoculars (binoculars), yet there was sometimes up sometimes down signal depending on the grip. If no GPS even fun .... Because for the retrieval of data (research purposes) required under ideal conditions ... ... hiks not even have any. Images like the above tuh .... Just pigtail stuck in cans. The study not only until that's all. Now the client given the pigtail to the antenna ditambahan cans. So we got the result as follows. Noise difference between the uses that do not use tin cans with very significant that is about 6 dBm. Ok PR for us in Surabaya and friends apartment who also oprek wireless for research. 1. Need laptop for testing long-distance + 2 UPS 2. Binoculars or GPS 3. The flexible pole Special Thx: 1. Buddy-buddy who support the show: Mr. Day and Mas Day (ayasayasen) 2. Iro (and occupants boarding Semolowaru Beautiful) 3. Residents Lab Making parabolic antenna, omni and rotena Parabolicantena parabolic antenna is an antenna that resembles like parabole only parabolic antenna is made of aluminum and a way of making singkatalat and materials needed along with its function-an electric drill to put a nail rivets rivets come to merivet-nails aluminum rivets to attach aluminum-obenk minus for menutar mur-mur type minus unutuk tighten the sides of the antenna-Grinding tools for bending alunium-soldier to connect the cable with aluminum flat-konnector to make the antenna in the pipe-hitsring to coat picrtail cable AC-capillary tube to put the cable and make the default- holder defaults to stick to monting-monting is to attach to a parabolic antenna tower-spanner wrench or no 10ukuran first cut-parabolic antenna size to 300 cm for 3 sides of the middle-round 210 for 3 sides akir-round 30 for 3-side aluminum 48.5 cm in size to the 2 which one 28.5 and one 25-made antenna with cable content rj 8upresentasi omnialat manufacture and materials should be used to connect your wired-soldier with konnector-hitsring to coat picrtail cable AC-capillary tube to put the cable and make the default-default holder to stick to monting-monting is to attach the parabolic antenna to the tower cable-rj 8u content to be used as an antenna or omni is often called due to the omni antenna sectoral spread the signal in one direction but not the omni spread the signal to all directions and jangang meletakkn near omni cable lightning rod because it can be omni-also struck by lightning tersebutpresentasi manufacture of antennas or antenna rotena bow kupumembuat rotena antenna using cable content rj 8u tools and materials to make the antenna rotenasoldier to unify each aluminum flat have been content with cable rj 8ulem merakatkan shoot for the content of the aluminum cable rj 8u flatpipa capillary acclammontingantena rotena often used for radio testing Antenna assembly 1. Microwave antenna grid parabolic type and loop and Yagi need to be assembled because it consists of a number of components, different types of patch panels, panel and omni-directional sector 2. Raft antenna according to the instructions (manual) and construction drawings included 3. Tighten all nuts and bolts including connectors and in particular reflector 4. Note that the microwave antenna is very sensitive to changes in focus, then during assembly of the antenna look their best on the horn reflector focus (driven antenna), little change will result in broad focus, such as changes in gain (db) antenna 5. Several types of grid parabolic antennas have a stem extender that can change the location of the focus of a reflector on the horn so that it can set the required gain. Antenna Pointing 1. In general, an antenna mounted with horizontal polarization 2. Point the antenna in the direction indicated compass and GPS, this way we consider the midpoint of the (center beam) 3. Slide the antenna with a fixed direction to the right or to left center beam, one by one at every stage of the calculation does not exceed ½ specification antenna beam width for each side (left or right), say 24 db antenna, typically has a beam width 12 degrees then , the maximum shift to the left or right center beam is 6 degrees 4. Give a sign at each change of direction and set score, determining the best direction done by finding the average value of the best, the main parameters that must be considered is the signal strength, noise and stability 5. Since most radio devices Wireless In A Box does not have a graphical utility to represent the signal strength, noise, etc. (except statistics and PER), then to make it more practical to use a pointing device is standard 802.11b radio that has a graphical utility such as the Orinoco, or use the Wave Rider 6. Furthermore, if necessary adjust the antenna elevation angle in accordance with klino meter antenna at the station opposite, calculate based on the calculation of the curvature of the earth and compare it with the contours on topographic maps 7. When the direction and elevation are estimated to have achieved the best it can be done if necessary polarization reversal from horizontal to vertical antennas for narrow beam width and increase the focus of transmission, the second condition points to use the same antenna (parabolic grid) and the second point must be the same antenna polarization ( means on the side opposite the antenna polarization must also be reversed to be vertical) Grid Antenna 2.4 GHz 24 dBi antenna is often used as a WLAN. Can be used on the IEEE 802.11g and 802.11b. If ya want to attach the antenna must use frequencies that are allowed, if not in the same scratch Balmon. And must be smart so that pointing to a good signal strength and throughput is great. There are many options for using this antenna. Made in Taiwan, USA and South Korea also exist, depending on the tastes and needs only